Mid Term Question
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Although Pakistan is a democratic country but it has experienced three military coups since its creation, led by General Ayub Khan, Zia ul Haq and General Pervez Musharraf respectively. Each military dictator had its own policy for media regulation.
i) Among the four approaches to the government regulation of the media (authoritarian, communist, libertarian and social responsibility), discuss which approach to government regulation of the media was used by each dictator.
ii) Also discuss which factors influenced these dictators to choose respective media regulations.
NOTE: References should be furnished in APA format.
Let's break down the media regulation approaches adopted by each dictator in Pakistan and the factors influencing their choices:
Ayub Khan's era was characterized by a more controlled media environment, leaning towards an authoritarian approach. He implemented press censorship and restrictive laws under the guise of maintaining stability and control.
Ayub Khan's regime aimed to consolidate power and maintain a narrative that supported his government's policies. Control over media allowed him to suppress dissent and shape public opinion in his favor.
Zia ul Haq's regime took a more totalitarian approach, leaning towards authoritarianism but also incorporating elements of social responsibility. He imposed strict censorship on media content, particularly censoring anything that challenged his regime's religious or political narrative.
Zia ul Haq aimed to legitimize his rule by intertwining it with Islamization. His media policies were shaped by the desire to control narratives around religious ideology and political dissent, aiming for conformity with his conservative agenda.
Musharraf's regime initially showed some signs of relaxation in media censorship, leaning slightly towards a more libertarian approach compared to his predecessors. However, this shift was not consistently maintained throughout his rule.
Musharraf's initial media policies were influenced by the need to present a more liberal and open image internationally. However, over time, as challenges to his authority grew, he resorted to more authoritarian tactics to control media narratives that posed threats to his power.
All three dictators used media regulation as a means to maintain stability and control over the narrative to ensure their regimes' survival.
Each dictator aimed to legitimize their rule by shaping public perception through controlled media narratives.
The ideological stance and agenda of each regime, whether focused on military power, religious conformity, or international perception, influenced media policies.
The evolution of media regulation under these military dictators in Pakistan reflects their differing approaches to consolidating power, managing dissent, and shaping public opinion to suit their respective agendas and ideologies.
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Title of the Book. Publisher.
Smith, J. (2005). Media and Power in Pakistan. ABC Publications.
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. DOI or URL
Khan, A. (2010). Media Censorship in Pakistan. Journal of Communication, 25(4), 567-580. DOI: 10.xxxxxxx
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage. Website Name. URL
Ahmed, R. (2018, June 15). The Role of Media Regulation in Pakistani Politics. Pakistan Studies. https://www.pakistanstudies.com/media-regulation-pakistan-politics
These examples demonstrate how to structure APA citations for various sources. If you have specific sources or need help with more detailed referencing, feel free to share, and I can assist further!
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