BIF101 ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 FALL 2022
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BIF101 ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 FALL 2022 || 100% RIGHT SOLUTION || CELL BIOLOGY|| BY VuTech
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Assignment No. 1 BIF101 (Fall 2022)
Maximum Marks: 10
Due Date: 25 Nov, 2022
INSTRUCTIONS
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Question 1 (5 marks)
How many chemical components are there
in DNA? And What are the chemical bonds that connect each of the component
in DNA?
Answer:
Chemical components in DNA:
DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building blocks are made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group and one of four types of nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating. The four types of nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order, or sequence, of these bases determines what biological instructions are contained in a strand of DNA. For example, the sequence ATCGTT might instruct for blue eyes, while ATCGCT might instruct for brown. The complete DNA instruction book, or genome, for a human contains about 3 billion bases and about 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Chemical bonds that connect each of the component in DNA:
The DNA double helix is held together by two types of bonds, covalent and hydrogen. Covalent bonds occur within each linear strand and strongly bond the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups (both within each component and between components). Hydrogen bonds occur between the two strands and involve a base from one strand with a base from the second in complementary pairing. These hydrogen bonds are individually weak but collectively quite strong.
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Question 2 (5 marks)
Define the following terms
a.
Character
b. Trait
c.
Genotype and Phenotype
d. True breed and Pure breed
Answer
a. Character
Characters are the fundamental units used to formalize hypotheses of homology for all phylogenetic analyses, meaning that the decision about how observations are translated into characters is of paramount importance in systematics.
b. Trait
A trait is a distinct variant of a character of an organism. Hence, it can be identified as a character state. A particular trait of an organism is inherited from the parents and its expression is determined under the influence of the environment. A trait can be either observable or measurable. Each trait occurs in combination with another trait of the character. But, only one trait of the pair is expressed and it is called the dominant trait. Meanwhile, the unexpressed trait is called the recessive trait.
c. Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual cell or organism that determines or contributes to its phenotype. The contrasting terms genotype and phenotype are used to define the characteristics or traits of an organism. The genotype identifies the alleles related to a single trait (e.g. Aa), or to a number of traits (e.g. Aa Bb cc).
- Phenotype
Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism as a multifactorial consequence of genetic traits and environmental influences. The organism phenotype includes its morphological, biochemical, physiological, and behavioral properties.
d. True breed and Pure breed
- True Breed
A true breeding is a kind of breeding wherein the parents would produce offspring that would carry the same phenotype. This means that the parents are homozygous for every trait.
- Pure Breed
A purebred refers to offspring resulting from a true breeding. True breeding is a way to produce offspring that would carry the same phenotype as the parents. Thus, a purebred would result when the parents are homozygous for certain traits.
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