BIF101 ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 FALL 2022
BIF101 ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 FALL 2022 || 100% RIGHT SOLUTION || CELL BIOLOGY|| BY VuTech
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Assignment No. 1 BIF101 (Fall 2022)
Maximum Marks: 10
Due Date: 25 Nov, 2022
INSTRUCTIONS
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Question 1 (5 marks)
How many chemical components are there
in DNA? And What are the chemical bonds that connect each of the component
in DNA?
Answer:
Chemical components in DNA:
DNA is
made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building blocks are
made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group and one of four types of
nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains,
with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating. The four
types of nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are: adenine (A), thymine (T),
guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order, or sequence, of these bases determines
what biological instructions are contained in a strand of DNA. For example, the
sequence ATCGTT might instruct for blue eyes, while ATCGCT might instruct for
brown. The
complete DNA instruction book, or genome, for a human contains about 3 billion
bases and about 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Chemical bonds that connect each of the component in DNA:
The DNA double
helix is held together by two types of bonds, covalent and hydrogen. Covalent
bonds occur within each linear strand and strongly bond the bases, sugars, and
phosphate groups (both within each component and between components). Hydrogen
bonds occur between the two strands and involve a base from one strand with a
base from the second in complementary pairing. These hydrogen bonds are
individually weak but collectively quite strong.
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Question 2 (5 marks)
Define the following terms
a.
Character
b. Trait
c.
Genotype and Phenotype
d. True
breed and Pure breed
Answer
a. Character
Characters are the fundamental units used to formalize
hypotheses of homology for all phylogenetic analyses, meaning that the decision
about how observations are translated into characters is of paramount
importance in systematics.
b. Trait
A trait is a distinct variant of a character of
an organism. Hence, it can be identified as a character state. A particular
trait of an organism is inherited from the parents and its expression is
determined under the influence of the environment. A trait can be either
observable or measurable. Each trait occurs in combination with another trait of
the character. But, only one trait of the pair is expressed and it is called
the dominant trait. Meanwhile, the unexpressed trait is called the recessive
trait.
c. Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup
of an individual cell or organism that determines or contributes to its
phenotype. The contrasting terms genotype and phenotype are used to define
the characteristics or traits of
an organism. The genotype identifies the alleles related
to a single trait (e.g. Aa), or to a number of traits (e.g. Aa Bb cc).
Phenotype refers to the
observable characteristics of an organism as a multifactorial consequence of
genetic traits and environmental
influences. The organism phenotype includes its morphological, biochemical,
physiological, and behavioral properties.
d. True breed and Pure breed
A true breeding is a kind of breeding wherein
the parents would produce offspring that
would carry the same phenotype. This means that the parents are homozygous for
every trait.
A purebred refers to offspring resulting
from a true
breeding. True breeding is a way to produce offspring
that would carry the same phenotype as the parents. Thus, a purebred would
result when the parents are homozygous for certain traits.
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