ECE202 ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 SPRING 2022 || 100% RIGHT SOLUTION || PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD || BY VuTech

ECE202 ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 SPRING 2022

ECE202 ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 SPRING 2022 || 100% RIGHT SOLUTION || PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD || BY VuTech

 ECE202 - Physical Development of the Child

 

Spring, 2022

Assignment 2

Total Marks: 20

LAST DATE: 18-08-2022

 

Instructions:

 

• Late assignments will not be accepted.
• If the file is corrupt or problematic, it will be marked zero.
• Plagiarism will never be tolerated. Plagiarism occurs when a student uses work done by someone else as if it was his or her own; however, taking the ideas from different sources and expressing them in your own words will be encouraged.
• No assignment will be accepted via e-mail.
• The solution file should be in Word document format; the font color should be preferably black and font size should be 12 Times New Roman.

 

Question: 1

Write down the methods to improve sensory learning, also suggest any TWO activities to improve sensory learning.

 

Question: 2

Define and explain the stages of motor learning and what are development milestones of gross motor skills at the age 2 to 3 years?

 

Criteria	Ratings			Marks
	Exemplary	Acceptable	Incomplete
Question: 1   Write down the methods to improve sensory learning, also suggest any TWO activities to improve sensory learning.	10 marks   Properly write the methods to improve sensory learning and suggest any TWO activities to improve sensory learning.	5 marks   Properly write the methods to improve sensory learning.	0 mark   Does not make sense of the answer	10
Question: 2   Define and explain the stages of motor learning and what are development milestones of gross motor skills at the age 2 to 3 years?	10 marks   Properly Defined and explained the stages of motor learning and development milestones of gross motor skills at the age 2 to 3 years?	5 marks   Properly Defined and explained the stages of motor learning	0 marks   No explanation	10

 

 

Question: 1

Write down the methods to improve sensory learning, also suggest any TWO activities to improve sensory learning.

Answer:

Sensory tools are intended to promote regulation, improve focus, and increase participation, therefore enabling your child to be available for learning.

The key to a sensory-informed classroom is that it supports the various sensory needs of the students in the classroom in a way that is as natural as possible. Not all students learn the same, nor do they have the same sensory needs. When you include sensory supports or tools in a classroom, they will be used differently by kids depending on what their bodies need, when they need input, and how they choose to use the tools!

The goal of sensory tools in school is to support participation, engagement, and interactions that promote skill development and learning. Whether your child is working to develop social skills with peers, behavioral and emotional regulation, improve attention/focus, develop organization skills, or manage classroom behaviors, sensory tools can regulate a child’s arousal level in order to get at these higher-level skills needed for classroom success.

METHODS TO IMPROVE SENSORY LEARNING

FLEXIBLE/ALTERNATIVE SEATING

The easiest way to allow for movement in a classroom is to offer students active seating options. “Active seating” is seating that allows for wiggling, moving, and adjusting as an alternative to the typical classroom chair. There are a number of designs to consider:

• Tabletop seating on T-Stools (see photo), ball chairs or Move n’s it cushions
• Floor seating in a beanbag chair, blackjack chair,  or  sensory floor cushion
• Standing stations with standing desks or easels

HEAVY WORK ACTIVITIES

Heavy work activities are designed to provide proprioceptive input that has a calming, organizing effect on students. When you put everyday classroom objects (books, lunch bags, recess equipment) into a laundry basket, students can carry/push/pull these heavy baskets for extra doses of proprioceptive input.

MANIPULATIVES OR FIDGET TOYS

Manipulatives are often used as a multi-sensory way to teach concepts in school. Sensory-informed classrooms can incorporate tactile manipulatives and fidgets to support a multitude of students. Consider distraction-free fidgets like pencil top fidgets, bouncy bands on chairs and desks, and set expectations with a classroom poster of fidget rules.

ORAL SENSORY INPUT

The easiest way to incorporate consistent oral motor sensory inputinto the school day is to look at what you’re sending your child for snacks and lunch. Just as you vary the nutritional contents of those foods you send, you should also be varying the textures, flavors, and consistencies. Chewy, crunchy foods will offer proprioceptive input to the mouth/jaw and offering liquids to suck through a thick straw (i.e. water bottle w thick straw like this) will also require the use of mouth muscles.

MOVEMENT

When you get your child’s school schedule, take note of the movement opportunities in the form of gym class, specials, and recess.

• Student-specific movement activities on key rings, flashcards, or classroom posters can cue kids to take movement breaks to help regulate.
• Movement-minded classroom jobs like a mail carrier, materials manager/paper passer, or office runner allow for movement within natural routines

DEEP PRESSURE

Weighted objects and weighted lap are a must-have in every classroom for seated tabletop tasks and carpet times! Weighted materials like Harkla’s weighted lap pad offer deep pressure input that has a calming and organizing effect.

Some students prefer compression garments worn under regular clothing or compression vests are worn on top of their clothing. These are student-specific considerations that are appropriate sensory tools for school depending on your preference and your child’s sensory needs.

SENSORY DEPRIVATION AREA

Because a classroom can be a noisy, visually overwhelming, overstimulating place for a sensory student, it’s important to have a designated “quiet corner” that could be as simple as the reading nook in the corner of the class or as complex as a teepee with a beanbag chair and headphones. It provides a calming place for a child to sit while it applies much-needed pressure to sensitive areas of the body, helping your child feel grounded and in control. Having an identified sensory deprivation area will allow your child to initiate taking a break when needed, proactively de-escalating when he feels overstimulated.

VISUALS

It’s important to look at visual supports for learning as well as for regulation assistance in a classroom. When visuals are effective, they reduce the amount of verbal direction, reminders, or prompting needed. For some sensory students, these strategies could make a huge difference in supporting positive classroom behaviors and self-regulation.  Visual timers and visual calm-down bottles both offer non-verbal ways of prompting transitions and behavior supports. For other students, reducing the amount of visual distraction is key to helping them maintain attention and complete classroom tasks. Desktop or tabletop partitions, privacy boards, or “offices” are sometimes all it takes to help a student to focus on his work.

For elementary-aged children, using tactile tools can support continued concept development, so bring out the sand tray, raised line paper, tactile bins, and sensory table. There’s a way to make most new concepts multisensory!

Hug your knees:

Ask your students to sit on the floor, knees up, feet firmly planted on the floor. Have them bring their knees under their chin, hugging them tightly. They can rest their chin briefly on their knees, as if they were using them as a table. This strategy integrates proprioceptive input (the ability to perceive the position and movement of the body) through joint compression (applying deep pressure).

Backwards hug:

Sitting on the floor as tall as they can, students should reach both arms backwards, crossing their hands to squeeze their wrists. This strategy also integrates proprioceptive input through joint compression.

My own learning space:

This is a good strategy for students who may be sensitive to auditory and/or visual inputs. When a child is having strong emotional feelings, it can often be helpful to “take space,” or move away from the challenging situation at hand (e.g., when they’re frustrated during a lesson that’s difficult to understand). This strategy allows students to take space while learning. Have an agreed-on location for this exercise. Consider creating a visual boundary to the space, such as painter’s tape, so that the student has a guide for where to go.

You may want to add sensory-blocking tools, such as noise-reducing headphones and something that blocks the student’s visual field, such as a folder standing up vertically, to further decrease sensory stimulation.

Velcro on rug spot:

Consider placing Velcro around the student’s learning space, such as under the desk, on the floor, and even on their learning materials (on the back of their notebook, on their pencils, etc.). I like to alternate soft and rough textures for the added sensory stimulation. Feeling Velcro on the floor at the student’s rug spot can help them keep their eyes on you and will definitely be less distracting than having a stress ball in their hand.

Chair:

Sitting on a chair with a back while listening to you can help the student focus when they’re feeling low-energy. The back support gives them the information of where their body is in a space, while their body doesn’t have to focus on trying to sit against gravity. This strategy provides tactile and proprioceptive feedback.

Floor desk:

This is a small desk that provides a physical and visual boundary around the student. It can be helpful when they’re feeling high-energy. It also provides the student with a writing surface while you’re teaching. This strategy can be useful for those who benefit from increased proprioceptive and visual feedback.

Tangle/string fidget tools:

These types of fidget tools are somewhat circular, so that the student can fidget with them in a repetitive and functional way, getting rid of excess energy. This tool also provides tactile feedback.

Big body breaks: 

Having the class stop at regular times to check in and do big body breaks so that everyone can feel just right can be very productive. Remind students that sometimes, our bodies may need to check in more often, and that’s OK. Ask your students to do downward dog/upward dog yoga poses and head-below-knee poses, and to bend down and squeeze each joint of their body, beginning at their ankles and working their way up to their shoulders.

These strategies provide a reminder to allow for increased proprioceptive (body awareness through joint compression) and/or vestibular (head below knee and rotational) inputs to ensure that students perform consistent large-movement exercises that have those components.

Cardboard box/laundry basket stuffed with pillows: 

This is a large, firm, and shallow cardboard box filled with a few pillows. Students should be able to sit in there, slightly squished, bringing their notebook/worksheet and a clipboard. Using this seat the right way, on the rug with their classmates, means that they are sitting up and participating. This strategy provides increased proprioceptive, visual, and tactile feedback.

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Question: 2

Define and explain the stages of motor learning and what are development milestones of gross motor skills at the age 2 to 3 years?

Answer:

Definition:

Motor learning has been defined as a “set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior.”  In other words, motor learning is when complex processes in the brain occur in response to practice or experience of a certain skill resulting in changes in the central nervous system that allow for production of a new motor skill.

In a book entitled Human Performance, the well-known psychologists proposed three stages of learning motor skills: a cognitive phase, an associative phase, and an autonomous phase. In the first stage, movements are slow, inconsistent, and inefficient, and large parts of the movement are controlled consciously.

There are three stages in which motor learning occurs:

1.      Cognitive Stage

During this initial stage of motor learning, the goal is to develop an overall understanding of the skill.  The learner must determine what the objective of the skill is and begin to process environmental factors that will affect their ability to produce the skill.  The teacher must do their best to provide an optimal environment for learning, which may mean removing large distractors.  During this stage, the learner mostly relies on visual input and trial and error to guide learning.

Example:

Before your child masters walking, they will most likely look a bit awkward and will definitely stumble a few times. The reality is that the process of learning how to walk begins way before your child actually takes their first assisted or independent step as they have been visually observing others around them walking and beginning to understand the purpose. So while they make look clumsy during this stage of learning, they are only just beginning to transition from understanding the skill to executing it.

2.      Associative Stage

During this stage, the learner begins to demonstrate a more refined movement through practice. Now that the learner has had some practice and has identified various stimuli that may occur, they can focus on “how to do” moving on from the “what to do” in the first stage.  Here, visual cues become less important and proprioceptive cues become very important.  Proprioceptive cues refer to the learner focusing more on how their body is moving in space and what input is being felt from their joints and muscles. The more practice, the more proprioceptive input the learner receives to aide learning.  Therefore, the more practice the better.

Example:

Let’s continue with walking.  During the initial clumsy stage your child may demonstrate small, choppy steps, wide base of support, arms up high in a guarded position, and little to no trunk rotation.  In this stage, you may see your child taking longer, more controlled steps, narrowing their base of support, and allowing their arms to relax at their sides.  These behaviors indicate that your child has moved past the initial stage of learning and has progressed to a more refined movement.

3.      Autonomous Stage

During this final stage of learning, the motor skill becomes mostly automatic. Progression to this level of learning allows the learner to perform the skill in any environment with very little cognitive involvement compared to the first stage. 

Example: 

Your child will now be able to walk in a predictable environment such as your home or an unpredictable environment such as a crowded birthday party at the park on grass without difficulty.

Keep in mind that the learning process can take different lengths of time for every individual and progression can be dependent on a variety of factors such as motivation of the learner, feedback received, environmental stimuli, organization of practice, and the presence of musculoskeletal or neuromuscular impairments.  Talk with your therapist for more suggestions to optimize motor learning more specifically for your child.

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES 2 TO 3 YEARS

As children grow, so do their skills. While not specific to your child, this education sheet can help you know what skills your child is likely to develop at this age.

Children develop at their own rate, learning some skills much quicker than others. Progress also starts and stops. As some skills are learned, your child might go back to an earlier stage in some other areas for a time. If you have any questions or concerns about your child's development, talk with your doctor or nurse practitioner.

Gross motor skills

Skills that use large muscles (legs, arms, trunk, and neck)

• jump in place with both feet
• climb up and go down a toddler slide
• pedal tricycle
• walk up and down stairs when one hand being held by an adult
• stand briefly on one foot when one hand being held by an adult
• walk backwards

Fine motor skills

Skills that use small muscles (hands and fingers)

• stack 1-inch blocks, six high
• hold crayon with thumb and fingers
• string large beads on a stiff string
• snip and cut with a scissors
• imitate vertical and horizontal lines, and circle
• copy vertical and horizontal lines and circle

Self-help skills

Skills that help children become more independent

• use a fork and spoon with spilling
• wash and dry hands with supervision
• brush teeth with assistance
• use toilet consistently (a few accidents at times)
• dress and undress self with help
• put own things away, helps with clean up and putting things away

Cognitive skills

Mental skills (thinking, learning, problem solving)

• engage in pretend and imaginative play
• match shapes
• understand the concept of "I"
• play side by side with peers
• sort colors
• identify body parts and their functions
• complete 3- to 4-piece puzzles

Examples of gross motor skills in the locomotion category can include rolling, belly crawling, crawling on hands and knees, scooting, walking, running, climbing, leaping, jumping, and hopping.

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